Damage Dependence of Irradiation Deformation of Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The diametral expansion and elongation rates of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes in CANDU™ (CANada Deuterium Uranium) nuclear reactors are important properties that limit their useful life and the maximum power level for reactor operation. For a given set of operating conditions there is considerable variability in the deformation rates because of the variations in as-fabricated microstructure and chemistry from tube-to-tube — specifically grain size, crystallographic texture, and oxygen content. The as-fabricated microstructure also varies within a given tube, the largest variation occurring along the length, and this is a result of cooling of the tube during the extrusion process. During service in a nuclear reactor, the microstructure evolves further, and this additional change in microstructure is primarily dependent on the rate of radiation damage (determined by the fast neutron flux), the temperature, and the time. Both the fast neutron flux and temperature vary at all points within the pressure tube. For a given material microstructure, the deformation is a function of the operating conditions: coolant pressure (stress), temperature, and neutron flux. In principle, the deformation rate is a linear function of fast neutron flux, and this is mostly true for fast neutron fluxes of the order of 1017 n.m−2.s−1. Recent analyses of data from pressure tubes measured over long periods of operation in reactor have shown that the steady-state diametral creep rates are not linear with fast neutron flux for fluxes up to about 0.5 × 1017 n.m−2.s−1. A qualitative model has been developed to account for the observed behavior based on the modifying effects of neutron flux and temperature on the microstructure. The model describes the suppression of thermal creep and the transition from thermal to irradiation creep with increasing neutron flux.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".