Direct numerical simulations of acoustic streaming in standing wave tubes using the Lattice Boltzmann Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One important factor in the efficiency of thermoacoustic engines is acoustic streaming, which causes convective heat transfer between high and low temperature reservoirs. Most experimental and numerical studies performed so far have focussed on Rayleigh streaming. Less work has been done on acoustic streaming due to stack. Most numerical studies of Rayleigh streaming were performed using Navier-Stokes based numerical methods. In this study, direct numerical simulations were performed using schemes based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Acoustic streaming in a simplified thermoacoustic refrigerator was modelled as a rectangular standing wave resonator with a flat plate. Low-amplitude results obtained for Rayleigh streaming velocity magnitudes were compared with linear acoustic theory for verification. High amplitude recirculated streaming flow structures around the edges of the flat plate spoiler were identified. These are likely to contribute to heat transfer much more than Rayleigh streaming. The results confirm that vertical edge streaming flows play a significant role in thermoacoustic heat transport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".