Dietary Cognitive Restraint
Bibliographic record
Abstract
0219 Dietary cognitive restraint (CR) describes a conscious limitation of food intake in an effort to control body weight. Higher levels of CR have been reported in exercising women with exercise-associated menstrual disturbances (EAMD) when compared to levels in eumenorrheic (EU) active women. PURPOSE: To determine if dietary CR also serves as a marker for altered energy homeostasis in EAMD, since EAMD is also linked to physiological energy conserving adaptations. METHODS: Athletic women of varying activity levels (n = 38) completed the three factor eating questionnaire and the EDI2, and blood samples were obtained during the early follicular phase (days 2–6) of two consecutive menstrual cycles in EU athletes or day 1 of two consecutive 30-day periods in oligo/amenorrheic (O/Amen) athletes. Blood samples for each cycle were assayed for total triiodothyronine (TT3), insulin and leptin and levels for each cycle averaged for each subject. RESULTS: In this study, 18 athletes exhibited high CR (above the cut-off for normal, i.e. > 10), as defined in the original questionnaire, and 20 athletes demonstrated CR scores in the normal range. These groups were similar (p>0.05) with respect to age (24.6±0.8 yrs), height (164.2±9.5 cm), weight (57.3±1.1 kg), percent body fat (22.9±1.0), age of menarche (12.6±0.2 yrs) and VO2 max (44.2±0.9 ml/kg/min). The athletes with high CR (n = 18) had a higher (p<0.001) mean score of 14.3±0.7 compared to the non-CR group (n = 20) who had a mean score of 4.8±0.5. The high CR group also had a higher (p = 0.035) score on the EDI-2 subscale of drive for thinness than the non-CR group, 5.0±1.2 and 1.9±0.8, respectively. TT3 levels were lower (p = 0.023) in the high CR group (1.4±0.08 nmol/L) compared to the non-CR group (1.6±0.08 nmol/L). Insulin levels were lower (p = 0.048) in the high CR group (27.78±2.1 pmol/L) compared to the non-CR group (38.9±4.2 pmol/L). Leptin levels were similar (4.8±1.1 ng/ml, p = 0.28), likely due to similar fat mass (12.7±0.7 g) between the groups. Among the high CR group, 50% had either O/Amen (n = 9/18), whereas, among the non-CR group, 25% had either O/Amen (n = 5/20), demonstrating that high CR was dependent on menstrual status (χ2 = 9.9, p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that high CR is associated with markers of altered energy homeostasis indicating low energy availability, including TT3 and insulin, previously demonstrated to be low in athletic women with EAMD and that menstrual status was associated with high CR. Funded by Arthur Thornton Cardiopulmonary Fund.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.065 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".