Feasibility of Using Volcanic Tuff Stone in Ground Heat Exchange for Cooling and Heating Systems in Buildings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Energy is a crucial sector in Jordan. In the world, Jordan is considered as the highest dependency on foreign energy sources, with 96% of the country's energy imported from oil and natural gas from neighboring countries. Numerically, it consumes 13% from the gross national product (GNP) costing 2.6 billion JD. The need is appearing to use new renewable resources specifically in air conditioning processes to reduce the bill of energy paid annually, in addition to the improve of practices and policies in energy sector. The current research focuses on the use of the ground heat exchange (GHE) model for cooling and heating system to improve the efficiency of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) units in households and apartments using volcanic tuff stone. A GHE model was constructed by making a hole of 2 m X 1.5 m with a depth of 1.5 m, the volcanic tuff stone is placed enabling heat transfer through volume and voids of stone. The cooled air is extracted by a fan located at the exit (duct 20 X 20 cm) with electric capacity is 60 watts. The temperatures and relative humidity for air inlet and outlet were continuously measured during the period of testing. The results showed that the feasibility of using GHE model as a main part of heating/cooling system. The average temperature difference between the air inlet and exit of GHE model are or cooling and heating system respectively. Also, the relative humidity of air improves reasonably and increases in most cases.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".