Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The natural ionizing radiation present on our planet comes from many sources and generates most of the radioactivity that surrounds us. Primordial radionuclides, defined as radionuclides present since the formation of Earth about 4.6 × 109years ago, play a critical role in our understanding of geological conditions on our planet over its whole history. Radioactivity initiated by the successive decay of232Th,235U, and238U is essentially responsible for the presence of radioisotopes of lead, polonium, bismuth, astatine, radon, francium, radium, and protactinium on Earth. Because of their short half‐lives with respect to Earth's geologic timescale, the decay of these radionuclides is responsible for a significant portion of the doses of natural radioactivity received by humans. Cosmic radiation, originating from both within and beyond our solar system, completes the list of significant modes of production of natural radioactivity in the atmosphere and the lithosphere. Minor sources of natural radioactivity (including radionuclides produced by cosmic neutron bombardments and spontaneous fission in uranium and thorium minerals) are known to generate quantities of transuranium isotopes and fission products, which are generally associated with the development of nuclear power.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.054 | 0.047 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".