Energy Migration Upconversion in Manganese(II)‐Doped Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization of cubic NaGdF 4 :Yb/Tm@NaGdF 4 :Mn core–shell structures. By taking advantage of energy transfer through Yb→Tm→Gd→Mn in these core–shell nanoparticles, we have realized upconversion emission of Mn 2+ at room temperature in lanthanide tetrafluoride based host lattices. The upconverted Mn 2+ emission, enabled by trapping the excitation energy through a Gd 3+ lattice, was validated by the observation of a decreased lifetime from 941 to 532 μs in the emission of Gd 3+ at 310 nm ( 6 P 7/2 → 8 S 7/2 ). This multiphoton upconversion process can be further enhanced under pulsed laser excitation at high power densities. Both experimental and theoretical studies provide evidence for Mn 2+ doping in the lanthanide‐based host lattice arising from the formation of F − vacancies around Mn 2+ ions to maintain charge neutrality in the shell layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".