Climate change affects cell wall structure and hydrolytic performance of a tropical forage grass as an energy crop
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forage grasses, such as Panicum maximum, are important alternatives of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. Thus, this study investigates whether future climate conditions could influence P. maximum cell wall structure and hydrolytic performance. A combined temperature-free air controlled and a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (Trop-T-FACE) facility was used to investigated the isolated and combined effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eC) (600 μmol.mol-1) and elevated temperature (eT) by 2˚C more than the ambient temperature, on cell wall composition, cellulose crystallinity, accessibility, and hydrolysis yields. The elevated temperature treatments (eT and eT+eC) exhibited the most pronounced effects. Warming reduced starch content and crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose while increased cellulose content. The fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules analysis demonstrated that warming led to improvement in the total cellulose surface exposure/accessibility in eT and eT+eC by 181% and 132%, respectively. Consequently, glucan conversion yields were improved by 7.07 and 5.37%, showing that warming led to lower recalcitrance in P. maximum biomass, which positively affect its use in biorefineries. Therefore, this work provides important information from an ecological and economic point of view, and might assist in the selection of tropical forage grasses efficiently adapted to climate changes with positive effect on bioenergy production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".