Bibliographic record
Abstract
By means of rhetorically patterned negation that is central to early modern proto-evolutionary, Euro-colonial discourses, indigenous American societies appear historically remote as well as culturally deficient. Yet if Americans are the contemporary ancestors of early modern Europeans, what place, if any, do they have within Christian redemptive history? This question does not concern Hobbes, whose state of nature is inextricably bound up with the historical anteriority of ‘savage’ societies. By contrast, de las Casas and Montaigne, who idealize civil privation, find praiseworthy continuities between American practices and those of ancient Israel or early Christianity. Both de Bry and Milton indirectly address allochronism by representing present-day Americans in connection with the Fall of a Europeanized Adam and Eve. Like de Bry's well-known engraving, Paradise Lost identifies fallen Eve and Adam with their American counterparts yet at the same time clearly distinguishes them. Milton's ‘American,’ however, remains unambiguously anterior to the epic's present. Lacking the complexly rendered subjective experience of Adam's shame and the awareness of loss the epic speaker shares with readers, Paradise Lost's ‘American’ does not benefit from the divinely initiated process of regeneration associated with clothing. By implication, indigenous Americans are dependent on outside intervention if they are to enter the Christian fold and, indeed, the forward movement of human history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".