Novel observations of capelin (Mallotus villosus) spawning directly on a brown algae species (Desmarestia viridis) in coastal Newfoundland, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a key forage fish species within its circumpolar range. This species’ importance lies in its role in the typical marine ‘wasp-waist’ food web, where capelin acts as a conduit for energy flow from lower to higher trophic levels. Herein we describe a novel observation of capelin spawning subtidally on an annual brown algae species, Desmarestia viridis, during July–August 2019 in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. Based on extensive video surveys of the seabed along with shoreline surveys and sediment sampling, we did not find other nearby sites with typical capelin subtidal and intertidal spawning habitat (i.e. medium sand to pebble gravel). Findings suggest that capelin spawned directly on this brown algae species, D. viridis. Eggs adhered to D. viridis developed normally and hatched successfully. As temperatures of intertidal areas are predicted to increase above temperatures suitable for capelin egg rearing (2–12°C) with climate change, D. viridis may become a high-quality subtidal spawning habitat for capelin and other fish species. In support, this algal species is adapted to colonize high disturbance areas, allowing protection from egg predators in a high flow environment while also being resistant to urchin grazing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".