Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laboratory experiments investigate the radial spread of an intrusion created by a turbulent forced plume in uniformly stratified ambient fluid. The flow evolution is determined as it depends upon the ambient buoyancy frequency, N, and the source momentum and buoyancy fluxes, M0 and F0, respectively. The plume reaches its maximum vertical extent, Zm, collapses back upon itself as a fountain and then spreads radially outwards at its neutral buoyancy depth, Zs, where the intrusion has the same density as the ambient. Through theory and experiments we determine that Zs = f(σ)Hp, in which Hp = M03/4F0−1/2, σ = (M0N/F0)2, and f(σ) ∝ σ−3/8 for σ ≲ 50 and f(σ) ∝ σ−1/4 for σ ≳ 50. In the inertia-buoyancy regime the intrusion front advances in time approximately as Rf ∝ t3/4, consistent with models assuming a constant buoyancy flux into the intrusion. Where the intrusion first forms, at radius R1, its thickness h1 is approximately constant in time. The thickness of the intrusion as a whole, h(r, t), adopts a self-similar shape of the form h/h1 ≃ [(Rf − r)/(Rf − R1)]p, with p ≃ 0.55 ± 0.03. The comparison of these results to large volcanic plumes penetrating into and spreading in the stratosphere is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.886 | 0.890 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".