Population genetic structure and evolution of Batesian mimicry in Papilio polytes from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, analyzed by genotyping-by-sequencing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Batesian mimicry is a striking example of Darwinian evolution, in which a mimetic species resembles toxic or unpalatable model species, thereby, receiving protection from predators. In some species exhibiting Batesian mimicry, non-mimetic individuals coexist in the same population despite the benefits of mimicry, and the relative abundance of mimetic individuals in the population varies among localities. In a previous study, we found that the mimic ratios (MRs), which varied among the Islands, were likely to be explained by the model abundance of each habitat, rather than isolation-by-distance or phylogenetic constraint in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes, on the Ryukyu Islands in Japan. Because the previous study, however, was based on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that may sometimes mislead conclusion stemming from the inherent genetic properties, this possibility was reexamined based on hundreds of nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 95 P. polytes individuals from five Islands of the Ryukyus. We found that the population genetic and phylogenetic structures of P. polytes largely corresponded to the geographic arrangement of the habitat Islands, and the genetic distances among island populations significantly correlated with the geographic distances, which was not evident by the mtDNA-based analysis. The revised SNP-based genetic distances with a partial correlation approach revealed that the MRs of P. polytes were strongly correlated with the model abundance of each island, implying that negative frequency-dependent selection shaped and maintained the mimetic polymorphism. Taken together, we suggest that predation pressure, not neutral factors, is major driving force to determine the relative abundance of Batesian mimicry in P. polytes from the Ryukyus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".