Dopamine–Stimulated Limb Autotomy in the Dungeness Crab, Cancer Magister
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study describes for the first time the ability of catecholamines to induce limb autotomy in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Different concentrations of the biogenic amines dopamine (DA), serotonin, octopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and tyramine, as well as L-dopa and catechol, were individually tested for their ability to elicit autotomy in C. magister. Only the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were able to stimulate autotomy, whereas the monoamines serotonin, octopamine, and tyramine were not. L-dopa and catechol were also not capable of stimulating autotomy. This suggests that the two phenyl hydroxyl groups on the catechol ring are necessary for ligand/DA receptor binding, whereas the particular biochemical properties of the ethylamine functional group confer ligand/DA receptor binding specificity. Dopamine-stimulated autotomy was concentration-dependent. The D1 receptor agonists and D1 and D2 receptor antagonists failed to respectively induce and inhibit autotomy, which may indicate the presence of a novel subtype of DA receptor in C. magister. Although the particular site of DA injection did not significantly affect the number of legs autotomized, it did appear to influence which legs autotomized. This suggests that DA acts locally, either as a neuromodulator or a neurotransmitter at local nerve synapses or neuromuscular junctions, rather than centrally through neurons descending from the central nervous system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".