Bibliographic record
Abstract
“However I told him what I did believe - (more I suppose what would be called Arian than Humanitarian).” Elizabeth Gaskell to Charles Eliot Norton (1861) In 325 the Council of Nicaea declared that God the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost exist as three equal persons in a divine unity. Dissenting Protestants ejected from the Church of England in 1662 for refusing to accept the authority of bishops retained this orthodox Trinitarian doctrine, but in the next century some followed Arius ( c .256-336) in the belief that Christ was divine but inferior to God the Father. Others came to believe that Christ was only human, and were insultingly labeled Socinians after two sixteenth-century heretics. Although most anti-Trinitarians held that Christ was a divinely inspired guide and teacher, they were not regarded as Christians, even by other Dissenters. Between 1689 and 1813 denial of the Trinity was technically against the law of England. Unitarian polemics against other legal and political disabilities, and frequent support for French Revolutionary principles, caused many to be ostracized as dangerous radicals. In 1791 ''Church and King'' mobs destroyed the house, library, and papers in Birmingham of Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), famous scientist and leading Unitarian minister, and rioted in Manchester, not long before Elizabeth Gaskell's father arrived to teach in a new college there.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.034 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".