Tramps and Hobos: Adventure and Anguish in Mark Twain and Jack London
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Hobos and tramps are everywhere in the works of Mark Twain and Jack London. Twain is a gentleman “tramp” in The Innocents Abroad (1872) and in A Tramp Abroad (1880), if not in Roughing It (1872). Certainly Twain's frontier upbringing, his teenage years wandering in the Midwest for apprentice newspaper and printing jobs, and his experiences on the river taught him hard truths, mostly about human character. London, son of the lower-middle working class of Oakland, California, always insisted that his call to writing happened before the Yukon, when as a hobo in 1892 he learned how to tell a tale interesting and tragic enough that it would earn him a handout. His book about his hoboing is The Road (1907), and he wrote related works. He believed his experiences on the Road and in prison for vagrancy revealed a way forward, to portray life in his writing as grimly as it was. London was able to apply his socialism to an imperial government in the observations he made while spending six weeks walking the streets as a member of the homeless and slum-dwellers in the heart of the great city of Empire. He made his first professional photographs for this book, The People of the Abyss (1903). He reveals a different life on a different sort of Road in a city, in many ways a worse road of despair than that of wanderers back home in the American West.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".