Chalcopyrite Dissolution in Acidified ferric sulfate: a Thermodynamic Study of Intermediate Phases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The leaching of chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) is characterized by slow Cu dissolution rate and poor recoveries, mainly at atmospheric pressure and low temperature. It is believed that, the parabolic rate is caused by the solid-state transformation that takes place during mineral dissolution which leads to the formation of a dissolution barrier that prevents further Cu removal from CuFeS 2 . In this study, the dissolution of copper from CuFeS 2 mineral was investigated in acidified ferric sulfate at atmospheric pressure. The results revealed that only 22% Cu were recovered after 5 hours at 50 o C at a solution pH of 1.8. It was observed that, the dissolution of Cu was accompanied by intermediate phases formation which seem to have a retarding effect on the direct oxidation of CuFeS 2 . The transient metastable phases were Copper sulphides rich minerals including bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ), chalcocite (Cu 2 S) and covellite (CuS). Thermodynamic predictions revealed that Cu 5 FeS 4 and Cu 2 S were the soluble intermediates and were characterized by a slow dissolution rate. Whereas, CuS has been identified as a refractory intermediate inhibiting Cu dissolution. The dissolution phase diagram was obtained and further discussed with regard to the intermediate phase formation, evolution, transformation and dissolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".