Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stigma, the specialized apex of the gynoecium plays a critical role in pollen capture, discrimination, hydration, germination, and guidance.Species of the Brassicaceae and Poaceae possess dry stigmas as opposed to the wet stigmas found for example in the Solanaceae and Liliaceae.The global proteome underlying stigma development and function remains largely unknown.A total of 2184 and 2275 proteins were identified in triticale and B. napus mature stigma respectively using a combination of 1D SDS PAGE LC-MS/MS, 2D IEF/SDS PAGE LC-MS/MS and OFFGEL Electrophoresis (OGE) LC-MS/MS.Two search engines, Mascot version 2. 3. 0 (http://www.matrixscience.com)and X! Tandem version 2007.01.01.1 (www.thegpm.org/tandem),were used to search against the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) Viridiplantae database.Scaffold version 4.0.4(Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR, USA) was used to validate MS/MS based peptide and protein identifications.The potential role of identified proteins involved in triticale stigma development (e.g.CRABS CLAW (CRC), STYLISH (STY), and PEPPER (PEP)), pollenstigma interactions (e.g.FIDDLEHEAD (FDH), SECRETION-ASSOCIATED RAS1 (SAR1) and FERONIA (FER)), as well as protection against biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g.PROTEIN KINASE INTERACTOR1 (PTI1), STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 7 (SAPK7), and PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASES (PDIs)) was discussed.Proteins were often found in multiple spots indicating a significant degree of post-translational modification.Comparisons between triticale stigma transcriptomic and proteomic data also revealed post-translational as well as post-transcriptional regulation in this tissue.ii In triticale, comparing the functional distribution of mature stigma proteins and most abundantly expressed genes showed that structural and metabolic processes had high protein to mRNA ratios, whereas regulatory processes and transport had low protein to mRNA ratios, probably reflecting the need for rapid protein production and turnover in response to pollination.The B. napus stigma was found to express many proteins with a wide variety of roles in cellular and organ development (e.g.ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) 3, SHORT VALVE (STV) 1, and SHAVEN3-LIKE (SVL)1).Approximately 8% of the B. napus and triticale mature stigma proteins were predicted to contain a signal peptide and this low percentage suggests that many of the proteins involved in extracellular interactions with the pollen are probably synthesized after pollination.Comparative proteomic analysis of Brassicaceae and Poaceae stigmas revealed very similar global functional trends despite being very different morphologically, but also demonstrated evident differences in protein composition in particular with respect to glucosinolate and isoprenoid metabolism, photosynthesis and self-incompatibility.To our knowledge, this study represents the first high throughput characterization of the stigma proteome.This work should serve as a solid base for future research meant to investigate the function of these proteins in stigma development and function.iii advisory member, Dr. Douglas
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".