Merging of ozone profiles from SCIAMACHY, OMPS and SAGE IIobservations to study stratospheric ozone changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. This paper presents vertically and zonally resolved merged ozone time series from limb measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS). In addition, we present the merging of the latter two data sets with zonally averaged profiles from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II. The retrieval of ozone profiles from SCIAMACHY and OMPS is performed at the University of Bremen. Within the merging procedure of these two time series we use data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) as a transfer function and we follow two approaches: (1) a standard method involving the calculation of deseasonalized anomalies and (2) a plain-debiasing approach, generally not considered in previous similar studies, which preserves the seasonal cycles of each instrument. We find a good correlation and no significant drifts between the merged and MLS time series. Using the merged data set, we apply a multivariate regression analysis to study ozone changes over the 2003–2018 period in the 20–50 km vertical range. Exploiting the high horizontal sampling of the instruments, we investigate not only the zonally averaged field but also the longitudinally resolved long-term ozone variations, finding a remarkable variability, especially at mid- and high-latitudes. Significant positive linear trends of about 2–4 % per decade were identified in the upper stratosphere between 38 and 45 km at mid-latitudes. This is in agreement with the predicted recovery of upper stratospheric ozone, which is attributed both to the adoption of measures to limit the release of halogen-containing ozone-depleting substances included in the Montreal protocol and to the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases. In the tropical stratosphere below 25 km negative but non-significant trends were found. We compare our results with similar previous studies and with short-term trends calculated over the SCIAMACHY period: while a general agreement is found, some discrepancies are seen in the tropical mid-stratosphere. Regarding the merging of SAGE II with SCIAMACHY and OMPS, zonal mean anomalies are taken into consideration and ozone trends after and before 1997 are shown. Negative trends above 30 km are found for the 1985–1997 period, with a peak of −6 % per decade at mid-latitudes, in agreement with previous studies. The increase of ozone concentration in the upper stratosphere is confirmed considering the 1998–2018 period. Trends in the middle and lower tropical stratosphere are found to be non-significant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".