Effects of adventitious roots on age determination in Balsam fir (<i>Abies balsamea</i>) regeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The age structure of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) regeneration is frequently used to investigate boreal forest dynamics of North America. Tree ages are usually estimated by counting annual growth rings at the shoot-root interface located above or close to the root system. Inaccurately locating the shoot-root interface could lead to imprecise age determination. In this study, balsam fir seedlings (<2 m height) were harvested in whole from closed forest stands located in the province of Quebec, Canada. Seedling age was determined by (i) counting the number of annual growth rings at the presumed shoot-root interface, and (ii) counting all terminal bud scars from the apex to the base of the hypocotyl (true collar). For all seedlings with adventitious roots, the number of terminal bud scars on the entire trunk was higher than the number of growth rings at the shoot-root interface. The formation of adventitious roots on the belowground trunk was accompanied by a reverse taper phenomenon, i.e., the number of annual growth rings decreased from the presumed shoot-root interface to the true collar. Counting annual growth rings at any level on the trunk of balsam fir seedlings that form adventitious root systems would not be reliable, underestimation's exceeding 20 years are possible and the resulting age structures could lead to erroneous interpretations of regeneration dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".