Using ultrasound and photoacoustics to monitor in situ forming implant structure and drug release
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most chemotherapeutics (CTs) are delivered systemically, causing nausea, hair loss, fatigue and a compromised immune system. Biocompatible in situ forming implants (ISFIs) are drug delivery vehicles which are injected as a liquid before solidifying in tissues and ultimately breaking down. By dissolving CTs in an ISFI solution, they can be injected directly to the tumour site and released in a controllable manner. ISFIs can provide localized, continuous release of CT, reducing side effects. The complex phase change of ISFIs causes a variable release rate of CT. In this work, photoacoustic (PA) imaging was used for the first time to monitor a dye (mimicking CT) diffusing into a tissue mimicking phantom while quantitative ultrasound (QUS) was used to monitor the changes in the ISFI structure. ISFIs made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and Janus Green B dye dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in a 39:1:60 ratio were injected in tissue mimicking polyacrylamide phantoms containing titanium oxide. ISFI structure and drug release was monitored over 72 hours. At each time point, 47 planes of the phantoms were imaged using both PA (700nm) and US using the VevoLAZR system. Regions of interest within and proximal to the ISFI were selected, and average PA and QUS parameters were determined for each plane as a function of time postimplantation. This work shows the potential of PA and QUS for monitoring kinetic drug release.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".