Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is impossible to know how many non-Italians paid visits to Italy between the fourteenth and the seventeenth century or how many Italians visited states beyond the peninsula during the same period. It is equally impossible to say that such travels must have been of a minimum or maximum duration to count as “visits.” The pilgrim was perhaps the archetypal visitor, and the greatest quantity of pilgrim traffic was generated by jubilees or holy years, which were celebrated in Rome in 1300, 1350, 1390, 1400, 1423, 1450, 1475, 1500, 1525, 1550, 1575, 1600, 1625, and 1650, but clerics, diplomats, scholars, artists, soldiers, and merchants also had cause to travel, to pay visits, and to record what they saw and whom they met. The most obvious change in the course of the period was the decline in pilgrim traffic as a consequence of the Reformation and the gradual emergence of what became known as the grand tour, but the schism also resulted in a changed international profile among the clerical communities of Rome’s national colleges and elite households. In this bibliography visitors to and from Italy are not divided by their motives for travel but in terms of their geographical origins and destinations. After considering reference resources (see Reference Resources) that can be used to research the lives and works of the relevant individuals, the bibliography traces an arc from Byzantium and beyond (see Byzantium and Beyond), through eastern Europe (see Eastern Europe), the German-speaking lands (see German-Speaking Lands), the Low Countries (see Low Countries), the British Isles (see British Isles), France (see France), and Iberia (see Iberia). In most cases, primary and secondary sources are considered together, but in the case of the British Isles (British Isles) and France (France) the sheer quantity of material means that the selection of works has been divided into primary sources and studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.355 | 0.185 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".