Familial aggregation of anxiety‐related quantitative traits in generalized social phobia: Clues to understanding “disorder” heritability?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Social phobia, particularly the generalized form, is strongly familial. Given the probable continuity from extremes of normative personality (e.g., shyness) to social phobia to personality disorder (e.g., avoidant personality disorder), it is unlikely that social phobia itself, at the level of an Axis I disorder, is transmitted. Rather, it seems more parsimonious, and in keeping with current notions about the structure and heritability of mental disorders, that one or more temperamental risk factors for social phobia is transmitted. The goal of this study was to explore this possibility by examining relevant quantitative traits in a family study of generalized social phobia (GSP). First-degree (n = 103) relatives of patients with DSM-IV GSP and 65 first-degree relatives of not socially phobic comparison subjects (NC) completed a panel of self-report questionnaires that included measures of trait anxiety, social anxiety, and personality. Regression analysis was used to examine associations between group membership (i.e., whether that family member was a first-degree relative of a GSP proband) and these measures. First-degree relatives of GSP probands scored significantly higher than first-degree relatives of not socially phobic probands on measures of trait anxiety and social anxiety and on the Harm Avoidance subscale of the TPQ. One large factor, accounting for 84% of the variance, was strongly associated with being a first-degree relative of a GSP proband. Quantitative traits elevated in probands with generalized social phobia are also elevated in their first-degree relatives. Future family and genetic studies of social phobia should consider the possibility that one or more traits (or some aggregation thereof) may better approximate the phenotype of interest. More extensive efforts at phenotype refinement should be undertaken before such studies proceed. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 105:79–83, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".