An Electromagnetic Model for the Calculation of Tower Surge Impedance Based on Thin Wire Approximation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
"© 20xx IEEE.Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works." DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3003250 Abstract: When a lightning strikes the top of a transmission line tower or shield wires, electromagnetic waves propagate through the tower back and forth, increasing the voltage across insulator strings. is can eventually lead to a back-fl ashover (BF), which may cause damage to equipment or costly power outages. To calculate the over-voltages and predict the probability of a BF, an accurate model of the tower and its grounding system is needed in electromagnetic transient (EMT) type simulators. There are a number of theoretical models for the equivalent circuit of a transmission tower. However, they either are not accurate enough or they are derived for a certain type of transmission tower, which limits their applicability. Numerical electromagnetic analyses have less simplifications compared to the theoretical solutions and are by far less expensive than field measurements. They also have the flexibility to analyze any type of tower. In this paper, the direct method for the measurement of tower impedance is implemented by NEC4 and applied to a 400-kV double circuit tower with all its details. Th e process of obtaining the wire network of the tower used in this paper is completely automated and it can be applied to any other type of transmission tower. Th e results of the numerical simulations are compared to those obtained with existing tower models. Th e developed model in this paper is capable of considering all the details of the tower and including the finite resistance of the ground and grounding electrodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".