An analysis of the acoustic properties of the cell cycle and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through the use of high frequency acoustic microscopy, the acoustic properties of cells through various stages of interphase (G1/G2), mitosis (metaphase, M-phase) and early apoptosis were ascertained. The cell thickness, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, density, bulk modulus, and attenuation were determined through a quantitative analysis of the pulse echoes from the cell membrane and substrate using a 375 MHz transducer. Hoechst 33342, Annexin-V, propidium iodide and FITC-448 Anti-cyclin B1 and D1 mouse antibodies were used to identify cell cycle stage. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc statistical tests were used to quantify differences between cell stages. A total of 232 cells, 58 within each category, were measured. A statistically significant increase in thickness (9.4 to 11.4 µm), and decrease in attenuation (1.20 to 1.05 dB/cm/MHz) was observed between G1 and G2 cells, respectively. A statistically significant increase in thickness, and decrease in acoustic impedance, density, bulk modulus and attenuation was observed between M-phase and G1 or G2. Significant differences in nearly all properties were observed as the cells progressed to early stage apoptosis from a non-apoptotic state. The differences found indicate considerable structural and/or organizational alterations occurring as the cell progresses thorough these phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".