Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book argues that distinctive motifs launched by signal events characterize different eras in the history of Canada's political parties.An implicit theory undergirding the book is that political parties have adjusted, adapted, and sometimes reinvented themselves in order to respond to significant social and economic changes and cultural cues.Sometimes the parties have shaped or reinforced those social forces.Motifs or recurring elements in distinct eras of Canadian party politics speak to particular dominant ideas.The story begins by reviewing the rise of four different types of parties in the nineteenth century after the establishment of representative governments in British North America late in the eighteenth century and before the creation of the Canadian state.By the turn of the twentieth century two national parties that continue to this day, the Conservatives and Liberals, became firmly established.The book concludes by examining some changes in how the ever-evolving parties have operated.Nineteenth-century party leaders, activists, and voters would not recognize today's political parties.The historical arc of Canada's political parties reflects the arc of Canadian history.Using largely secondary sources, this chronologically organized and easy-to-follow book, something of a primer, explores how the parties have emerged and addressed the conflicts and tensions of a society permanently under construction.Attention is focused on overarching themes and some of the ideas, personalities, social forces, and institutional structures that have driven the parties.Inevitably much is left in the shadows.This book aims to enlighten non-specialist students of Canadian politics and general readers who have some knowledge or are somewhat innocent of Canadian history.Academic specialists will also find it interesting, encountering some things unfamiliar to them.Offering an accessible yet substantial understanding of the development of the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.512 | 0.319 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".