Fine and coarse stereopsis follow different developmental trajectories in children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stereoscopic depth perception may be obtained from small retinal disparities that can be fused for single vision (fine stereopsis), but reliable depth information is also obtained from larger disparities that produce double vision (coarse stereopsis). The role of coarse stereopsis in vision is not well understood, but it may develop early in life to guide vergence eye movements that are necessary for the development of fine stereopsis. While there is some evidence that stereoacuity improves with age, little is known about the development and maturation of coarse stereopsis. The purpose of this study was to determine the age at which performance on fine and coarse stereoscopic tasks reaches adult levels during typical visual development. We compared performance in children (4-13 years) and adults on computerized tests of fine and coarse stereopsis. All participants had normal visual acuity, normal stereoacuity and no ocular pathology. Stereoscopic stimuli were presented using liquid crystal shutter glasses. The observer’s task was to indicate whether a cartoon character was nearer (crossed disparity) or farther away (uncrossed disparity) than a zero-disparity fixation marker. We assessed perceived depth for a set of fine disparities that were within Panum’s fusion zone (0.02, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.67, 1 degrees) and a set of coarse disparities that appeared diplopic (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 degrees). Accuracy increased with disparity in the fine range and decreased slightly with disparity in the coarse range for all participants. Within the coarse range, there were no differences between age groups. However, performance was immature until age 12, at the finest disparity tested; adult levels were reached at different ages across the other disparities in the fine range. These results suggest that coarse stereopsis matures before 4 years of age, but fine stereopsis continues to mature into the school-age years. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2012
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".