The study of surface oxidation of tin(II) fluoride and chloride fluoride materials by Mössbauer spectroscopy: to oxidize or not to oxidize, that is the question
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental methods designed to study the bulk of materials do not necessarily detect the changes taking place at the surface of the crystallites. For example, divalent tin-containing materials appear to be stable at ambient conditions in air, provided they are not hygroscopic, X-ray powder diffraction shows only the peaks of the expected tin(II) phase. However, we have observed that the Mssbauer spectrum of polycrystalline samples contain, in addition to the expected tin(II) peak(s), a small peak at 0 mm s relative to CaSnO 3 at ambient conditions, that can be attributed only to tin(IV) coordinated by oxygen. A detailed study of this phenomenon has shown that Mssbauer spectroscopy is quite sensitive for detecting thin layers of oxide at the surface of crystallites of tin(II). This phenomenon has been exploited for the study of spontaneous oxidation of various tin(II) fluoride and chloride-containing materials, some of these fluorides being the highest performance fluoride-ion conductors known to date. It was observed that passivation is quite efficient in the fluorides, and in the chloride fluorides that have all their tin(II) covalently bonded. On the other hand, the materials containing a mixture of covalently bonded tin(II) and the Sn 2+ stannous ion namely, the Ba 1-x Sn x Cl 1+y F 1-y solid solution, show a higher rate of oxidation, which is highly dependent on the method of preparation and the composition parameters, x and y.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it