Chemically Assisted Ignition Technologies for a Light Oil Air Injection Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Chemically assisted ignition technologies for a light oil(base oil) with a density 876.4kg/m3 (API 30 °) were investigated to increase the effectiveness of ignition of this oil in an air injection process. Several experiments were performed using a Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) thermal analysis technique and an Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) Tests to examine the relative effects of catalysts and initiators (chemical additives). In the PDSC and ARC tests, the mixtures were subjected to a controlled heating schedule under a constant flow rate of air at 4.14 MPa (600 psig) and 13.8 MPa (2000 psig) pressure respectively. The heat released by the oxidation reactions as a function of temperature was analyzed. In the presence of the metallic catalyst and chemical initiators, the oxidation behavior of the tested oil was dramatically improved. A significant reduction in both the onset temperature of the exotherm of the base oil in the low temperature regions and in the activation energy for the low temperature oxidation reactions was achieved using the chemical additives. For low temperature reservoirs, chemically assisted ignition involving a slug or slugs of chemical additive slug injections has potential for application in air injection based improved oil recovery process. Introduction Air injection has proven itself as a viable process inimproving oil recovery from several light oil reservoirs, and as a result, it has received much interest in recent years [1,2]. When air is injected into a light oil reservoir, exothermic chemical reactions occur between the reservoir oil and oxygen contained in the injected air. The desired reactions are those resulting in heat generation and the production of carbon dioxide. Downstream of the reaction zone, the combustion product gas which is comprised of CO2, CO, N2 combined with the vaporized light hydrocarbon fractions and hot water sweep the oil toward production wells. Air injection for light oil reservoir is a complex process involving simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a multiphase environment coupled with oxidation chemical reactions [3]. Ignition is the first phase of this process [4]. A satisfactory ignition is of prime importance in initiating a successful air injection process [3]. In high temperature reservoirs, the air injection process is initiated by injecting air, which will spontaneously ignite the oil in place[1]. However, in some situations where spontaneous ignition of the reservoir oil is not likely to occur, several artificial means have been implemented. These include external heat injection into the near-wellbore region using downhole electrical heaters and hot gasesgenerated by a gas burner, or the injection of a slug of steam. Artificial ignition is commonly applied in heavy oil reservoirs, but it is highly desirable to avoid having to run heaters or burners when air injection is to be applied in deep, high pressure reservoirs. An excellent historical review of ignition methods is provided by Sstrange et. al[3]. Chemical ignition, which involves the injection of a slug or slugs containing chemicals which have desirable oxidation characteristics into the air injection wells prior to the injection of air.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".