Development of a canine stifle computer model to investigate cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background - Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture in the canine stifle is a leading cause of orthopedic lameness in the dog. Several corrective surgical procedures have been developed to return dogs to pre-injury function following CrCL rupture, but no one technique has fully shown superiority in terms of functional outcomes. A complete understanding of canine stifle biomechanics prior to and following CrCL rupture is needed to evaluate the biomechanical rationale of surgical corrective procedures being employed. Research Question - The goals of this study were to 1) develop a three dimensional rigid body canine hind limb computer model to simulate both a CrCL intact and CrCL deficient stifle during the stance phase of gait, 2) describe the stifle biomechanics in the CrCL intact and CrCL deficient stifle, and 3) to systematically assess model parameters which may influence CrCL deficiency. Methods - A three dimensional rigid body computer model representing the skeletal structure of a 32 kg Labrador Retriever was developed using SolidWorks based on boney landmarks. Canine hind limb kinetic and kinematic parameters associated with the stance phase of gait were incorporated into the model from the scientific literature. Model simulation of the stance phase was implemented in COSMOSMotion for the CrCL intact and CrCL deficient stifle. Outcome measures assessed include stifle ligament forces and tibial translation. Parameters thought to be associated with CrCL deficiency were systematically altered to determine the model outcome measure sensitivity. Verification of the model was attempted by comparison to a previously reported hind limb mathematical model and an in vitro study. Results - The CrCL was found to be the primary load-bearing ligament during the stance phase in the CrCL intact stifle. The peak CrCL load of 26% body weight occurred at 40% stance in the intact stifle. The caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) was found to be the primary load-bearing ligament in the CrCL deficient stifle. The peak CaCL load of 219% body weight occurred at 40% stance in the deficient stifle. Suppression of the CrCL consistently increased CaCL load profiles during stance. The medial collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament were generally not loaded in the CrCL intact or CrCL deficient stifle. The peak relative cranial tibial translation following suppression of the CrCL in the baseline model was 17.8 mm. These outcome measures were verified through reasonable agreement with a hind limb mathematical model and an in vitro study. Tibial plateau angle (TPA), patellar
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".