Fat Crystal Spheroids – Formation, Characterization, Structure Modification, and use as Encapsulation Matrices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Model fat systems consisting of fully-hydrogenated canola oil (FHCO) and canola oil (CO) were shear-crystallized using a rheometer with a parallel plate geometry at various cooling rates (0.2 to 5.0 ºC/min) and shear rates (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 s-1) to produce spheroidal fat crystals. These spheroids were characterized via rheology, polarized light microscopy (PLM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystal spheroid formation was optimal at 1.0 ºC/min and viscosity profiles followed a three phase sigmoidal shape. PLM analysis revealed that spheroid size decreased with increased shear rate while sphericity increased. A multi-step mechanism was proposed for the formation of these crystal spheroids. Subsequently, different emulsifiers were used to modify the structure of these crystal spheroids and it was found that the type and concentration of emulsifier had significant effects on spheroid microstructure. Below a critical concentration, emulsifier could be incorporated into the crystal matrix of FHCO while above they would crystallize independently. DSC analysis revealed additional melting fractions compared to the control that were attributed to emulsifier incorporation and co-crystallization with FHCO. XRD showed that the crystallized spheroids were mainly of the βʹ polymorph regardless of the presence or type of emulsifier. A water phase was then introduced within these systems to study their encapsulation potential. Emulsifier type significantly affected crystal shell morphology and encapsulation efficacy. The liquid-state emulsifiers (GMO and PGPR) showed limited interaction with FHCO, with GMO delaying the interfacial crystallization of FHCO while PGPR excluded FHCO from the droplet interface completely. Of the solid-state emulsifiers (GMS, GMP, SMS, and STS), the MAGs produced smooth-surfaced crystal shells around the emulsion droplets while the sorbitan-based emulsifiers produced irregularly-shaped shells and droplet cores (SMS) or incomplete crystal shell formation (STS). The shear-crystallization of our model fat blend also resulted in the formation of cylindrical crystalline assemblies. The average diameter size of these crystal cylinders decreased with increased shear rate. A “log-rolling” mechanism was proposed for their formation. These results demonstrate that laminar shear may be used to modify fat crystal microstructure and induce the formation of spheroidal and cylindrical crystalline assemblies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".