Using virtual manipulatives for 10-frame lessons with primary students: an in-depth educational study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This mixed methodology case study focused on the use of virtual manipulatives and technology in Grade 1 and Grade 2 number sense. This descriptive study examined the effectiveness of applet 10-frame lessons by comparing their use to other models. Data were collected from interviews, transcripts, checklists, and journal entries. Information revealed the number of times models were used and on students' attitudes and behaviours while using them. Student behaviours included time on task, repeated practice, the number of times students needed help, and how long it took to complete the tasks. Academic growths were measured using pre- and post-assessments and performance tasks rubrics. Students' attitudes towards the use of technology, specifically netbooks and an interactive whiteboard were analyzed and presented. The results of this study suggest that the applet models can be as effective as their concrete counterparts, and the students in this study enjoyed using technology while learning mathematics. --Leaf ii.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".