Bibliographic record
Abstract
2009 was a busy year with the developments in a large number of investor-state disputes related to environmental policy. The long-awaited decision in Glamis Gold Ltd. v. United States of America was declared in June (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNICTRAL), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Award, 8 June 2009). Several previously reported cases under Chapter 11 of NAFTA and Chapter 10 of the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) progressed, while others remained in limbo. Several new bilateral investment treaty (BIT) cases emerged as did a particularly controversial dispute under the investment chapter of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) (documents referred to in this report can in most cases be found on the Investment Treaty Arbitration website, , the NAFTA Claims website, , or the Investment Treaty News website, ). In 2003, Glamis Gold Limited, a Canadian mining company, initiated proceedings against the United States under Chapter 11 of NAFTA and the UNCITRAL Rules of Arbitration. The tribunal's award was released in June 2009. The reports in volumes 17 and 18 of the Yearbook (17 YbIEL 449 (2006) and 18 YbIEL 355 (2007)) lay out the factual basis of the claims in this case, which will not be repeated in this report.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.042 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".