Mass Changes During Adsorption of Metal Bipyridyl Complexes by Clay Films Monitored with an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The adsorption of [M(bpy)3]2+ ions (M = Ru or Os) by clay films immersed in pure water and in electrolyte solutions was investigated by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), UV-visible spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. In water, the adsorption of the cations resulted in a decrease in the mass of the films. This decrease in mass is attributed to the expulsion of some 50 water molecules from the clay interlayer spaces for each cation adsorbed. Water is lost to make room for the large metal complex cations in the interlayer spaces, and because of decreases in the volume of the interlayer spaces during adsorption of the cations. In 0.05 M NaCl or 0.05 M Na2SO4, UV-visible measurements show a rapid initial adsorption of the cations by ion exchange, followed by a slower additional adsorption of the cations above the clay’s CEC, presumably as ion pairs with the electrolyte counter ions. The EQCM show initial reductions in the mass of the films that were two to three times larger in pure water. These initial mass decreases were followed by smaller mass ‘re-increases’ at longer times that were not observed in water. The larger initial mass losses are attributed to the loss of more water from the clay interlayer spaces. In 0.5 M Na2SO4 or 1.0 M NaCl, adsorption of the cations never exceeded the clay’s CEC. The initial decreases in mass upon addition of the cations all but disappeared, leaving only the smaller positive mass changes at longer times.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".