Bibliographic record
Abstract
introduced by David Zimmerman Pendant la première guerre mondiale, le «National Academy of Sciences » des États-Unis a créé le « Research Information Service» dans le but de recueillir des informations militaires européennes pour les forces armées américaines dans les domaines techniques et scientifiques. Le professeur David Zimmerman a trouvé le document suivant dans les dossiers du «Research Information Service» conservés dans les archives nationales au College Park, Maryland. Ils 'agit du rapport de 1918 par Paul Langevin concernant ses recherches importantes et innovatrices sur ce qu'on considère aujourd'hui comme étant le sonar actif Le document original de Langevin rédigé en français fut traduit en anglais par les «Forces navales des États-Unis» au moment où il avait été reçu.During the First World War U-boats came close to winning the war.Unlike the later Battle of the Atlantic, technological innovation was not a key ingredient in the Allies victory over the U-boat campaign against shipping.Instead, the German submarines were defeated by the widespread application of convoys to shepherd ships through waters patrolled by submarines, radio intelligence which directed convoys away from submarines, and the implementation of huge ship building programs.Despite a large scientific and engineering research effo rt, submerged submarines remained a particularly elusive prey through to the end of the war.Yet, there was a significant legacy left by the First World War research, which would prove to be the foundation for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) in the Second World War.'Prior to 1914, little thought had been given to the use of sound waves either for military or scientific purposes.Scientific research on the properties of underwater acoustics had been mainly confined to studies of the speed of sound in water.Most of the early research in ocean acoustics was undertaken by empirical inventors so common in the era of Bell and Edison.Their work focused on the commercial development of underwater signaling devices.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".