Bibliographic record
Abstract
Born at Collace in Perthshire (Scotland) on 27 September 1852, Bonar managed to combine a life-long career as a civil servant with the study of the history of economic thought, where his work focused on Smith, Ricardo, and especially Malthus. Somewhat ironically, given its rather poor reception at the time, his Philosophy and Political Economy (1893) is the book by which he is now principally remembered. Like Adam Smith, after graduating from Glasgow University, Bonar went as Snell Exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford, taking a first in 1877 and ‘rounding-off’ his studies at Leipzig and Tübingen (Shirras 1941, p. 146). Afterwards he removed to the contrasting environment of the East End of London, lecturing there for three years as one of the pioneers of the University Extension Movement and founding an Adam Smith Club to promote the popular discussion of economic matters. In 1881 he joined the Civil Service, in which he remained until his retirement in 1919. From 1907 he was Deputy Master of the Royal Mint in Ottawa.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".