Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Slavery is an old institution. Its practice has varied in time and place. Prior to the era of empire building, slavery was largely a domestic practice confined to the given community. A slave was not a commercialized commodity. A slave was regarded as a human being, but was placed in a very low social status. More often than not, the slave status was passed on to the future generation of the enslaved. Slavery as an institution began to attract global attention between 1500 and 1850 when Western European powers created empires in Africa and in the Caribbean islands. The United States, Britain's off‐shoot born in the last quarter of the 18th century, became the epicenter of international involvement in the institution of slavery. The Western powers were not the only benefactors of the slave institution. The Muslims also participated in the slave business. By the 16th century, a slave began to acquire a new definition, as anyone who could be bought and sold for money, and whose labor was economically valuable. This definition revolutionized the institution. Slaves became a profit‐making commodity. European nations became active participants in a business which stripped individuals of their human value and denied them their natural right to freedom.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".