Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Exosomes are small Extracellular Vesicles (sEV) formed by an endosomal route by inward budding of the lateendosome/multivesicular body (MVB) membrane. Despite in recent years much progress has been made to better define sEVcomposition and biogenesis pathways, their small size and heterogeneity pose challenges to find new reliable labelling strategies toidentify specific exosome populations. We developed an innovative methodology to metabolically label fluorescent sEV throughthe use of a fluorescent lipid (BODIPY C16) that is readily internalized by cells and is transformed into phospholipids which willform part of the lipid bilayer of the secreted vesicles.Methods: Fluorescent sEV secreted in the conditioned media of melanoma cells pulsed with BODIPY FL C16 were purifiedby differential ultracentrifugation, quantified by Flow Cytometry (FC) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), sorted byFluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and further characterized by density gradient separation and Western Blot analysisfor typical sEVs markers. Colocalization studies were performed by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy.Results: Confocal images showed colocalization of BODIPY lipids with lipid transformation sites such as ER and mitochondriaand with specific markers of late endosomes/MVB or other organelles (tetraspanins, Golgi markers, lysosomes) but not with the of ABSTRACTplasma membrane. Secretion of fluorescent sEV (Bodipy sEV) was followed over time showing an early release of Bodipy sEVinto the extracellular medium with a constant ratio of Bodipy sEV/total EVs, as determined by NTA, up to 6 hours. Bodipy sEVsecreted in the conditioned media purified by differential ultracentrifugation were separated by density gradient fractionation.Fractions analysed by FC displayed a single low density peak at 1,08-1,09 g/ml that is detergent sensitive demonstrating thatfluorescent particles are indeed lipid vesicles and contain tetraspanins (CD63, CD81 and CD9), syntenin and ESCRT componentswhen analysed by Western Blot. Electron microscopy analysis of ultracentrifuged and sorted Bodipy sEV showed that BodipysEVhavethetypicalshapeandsize(about80nm)ofasubpopulationofsEVoftenreferredtoassmallexosomes(Exo-S).Finally,colocalization studies of single Bodipy sEV with tetraspanins fluorescent antibodies showed colocalization of Bodipy sEV withCD63, CD81 and CD9.Summary/Conclusion: Taken together these results show a very specific and effective labelling of a discrete sEV subpopulationthat can be further exploited for biogenesis, internalization and functional studies. This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (grant RF-2019-12369719)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it