Alkaline naphthoquinone‐based redox flow batteries with a crosslinked sulfonated polyphenylsulfone membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the performance of alkaline aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) using an isomeric mixture of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (NQSO) and potassium ferrocyanide (FeCN) as active materials dissolved in potassium hydroxide (KOH) is enhanced with replacing commercial Nafion membrane with new crosslinked sulfonated polyphenylsulfone (crosslinked-SES) membrane. The optimal ratio of sulfonate and sulfone groups of the crosslinked-SES membrane is determined to balance between mechanical strength and ionic conductivity by the handling of curing time. With that, ionic conductivity and mechanical strength depending on the amount of sulfonate and sulfone are well balanced. The thickness of membrane is also optimized. Such optimized crosslinked-SES (crosslinked-SES24) membrane induces better mechanical stability and ionic conductivity than Nafion 211 (Young's modulus and in-plane conductivity of the potassium form of crosslinked-SES24 and Nafion 211 are 1108 and 214 MPa, and 20-23 and 7.8 mS·cm−1) with lower cost. In tests of AORFB using crosslinked-SES24 that is operated at a high current density of 200 mA·cm−2 over 1000 cycles, the AORFB shows stable coulombic, voltage and energy efficiencies of 99.7, 65.3, and 65.0%, while its capacity loss rate is as low as 0.01% per cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".