Editorial: Biofabrication and Biopolymeric Materials Innovation for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biofabrication and Biopolymeric Materials Innovation for Musculoskeletal Tissue RegenerationThe human musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues.The primary functions of the musculoskeletal system include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs.The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system (Li and Niu, 2020).Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) include injuries and diseases that primarily affect the movement of the human body.They are characterized by pain and limitations in mobility, dexterity, and overall level of functioning, reducing patients' ability to work and maintain a good quality of life.A recent analysis of Global Burden of Disease data showed that approximately 1.71 billion people globally have musculoskeletal conditions (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003).MSDs such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and ankylosing spondylitis affect joints (McInnes and Schett, 2011;Loeser et al., 2012;Litwic et al., 2013); osteoporosis, osteopenia and associated fragility fractures, as well as traumatic fractures, affect bones (Florencio-Silva et al., 2015); sarcopenia affects muscles, and back and neck pain affect the spine of the human body.Tissue engineering is a concept whereby cells are taken from a patient, their number is then expanded before being seeded on a biomaterial scaffold.The appropriate stimuli (chemical, biological, mechanical and electrical) are applied, and new tissue is formed over time.This new tissue is then implanted to help restore function for the patient (Liu et al., 2007).To achieve the repair and regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues is still a challenge that requires the combined effort of biomaterials scientists, tissue biologists, and engineers.Material selection is critical to ensuring that cell-seeded tissue constructs have appropriate mechanical and biological environments.Biopolymers are natural materials derived from plants and animals including polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and polypeptides such as gelatin, silk fibroin and elastin.Many biopolymers have properties such as cell adhesion and degradability and form highly swollen networks that provide physiologically relevant environments for cell culture (Muir and Burdick, 2021).Biopolymers can also be chemically functionalised to bring about control over their cellbinding and cross-linking capabilities (Muir and Burdick, 2021).In TE of soft MSK tissues, such as cartilage, ligaments and intervertebral discs biopolymer hydrogels have been extensively used as they provide a highly hydrated 3D matrix for these largely avascular tissues (Kesti et al., 2015).Bone is the hard tissue of the musculoskeletal system and is a commonly investigated tissue for regeneration.Tissue engineering approaches are usually combinatorial between hard and soft materials to produce
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.013 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".