Low serum apelin levels are associated with mild cognitive impairment in Type 2 diabetic patients
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Apelin is a new adipokine that is secreted by adipocytes, and is associated with insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and obesity. This study was designed to investigate the role of apelin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: A total of 235 patients with T2DM were included. The cognitive function of patients was evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool, then patients were divided into MCI group and non-MCI group according to the MoCA score. Blood sample was analyzed for the level of apelin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The MCI group (n = 73) presented lower serum apelin levels compared with the patients with normal cognitive function (P < 0.001). Apelin levels showed significantly negative correlation with diabetes duration, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, creatinine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that serum apelin (OR = 0.304, 95%CI: 0.104-0.886, P = 0.029), as well as education levels, diabetes duration, cardiovascular disease, serum HbA1c, HDL-C, creatinine, and BDNF, were independent risk factors of MCI in patients with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Serum apelin level is reduced in T2DM patients with MCI. Apelin might has protective effect against cognitive impairment and serve as a serum biomarker of T2DM.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it