Genome-wide Association and Meta-analysis of Age at Onset in Parkinson Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h3>Background and Objectives</h3> Considerable heterogeneity exists in the literature concerning genetic determinants of the age at onset (AAO) of Parkinson disease (PD), which could be attributed to a lack of well-powered replication cohorts. The previous largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified <i>SNCA</i> and <i>TMEM175</i> loci on chromosome (Chr) 4 with a significant influence on the AAO of PD; these have not been independently replicated. This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis of GWAS of PD AAO and validate previously observed findings in worldwide populations. <h3>Methods</h3> A meta-analysis was performed on PD AAO GWAS of 30 populations of predominantly European ancestry from the Comprehensive Unbiased Risk Factor Assessment for Genetics and Environment in Parkinson9s Disease (COURAGE-PD) Consortium. This was followed by combining our study with the largest publicly available European ancestry dataset compiled by the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC). <h3>Results</h3> The COURAGE-PD Consortium included a cohort of 8,535 patients with PD (91.9%: Europeans and 9.1%: East Asians). The average AAO in the COURAGE-PD dataset was 58.9 years (SD = 11.6), with an underrepresentation of females (40.2%). The heritability estimate for AAO in COURAGE-PD was 0.083 (SE = 0.057). None of the loci reached genome-wide significance (<i>p</i> < 5 × 10<sup>−8</sup>). Nevertheless, the COURAGE-PD dataset confirmed the role of the previously published <i>TMEM175</i> variant as a genetic determinant of the AAO of PD with Bonferroni-corrected nominal levels of significance (<i>p</i> < 0.025): (rs34311866: β(SE)<sub>COURAGE</sub> = 0.477(0.203), <i>p</i><sub>COURAGE</sub> = 0.0185). The subsequent meta-analysis of COURAGE-PD and IPDGC datasets (N<sub>total</sub> = 25,950) led to the identification of 2 genome-wide significant association signals on Chr 4, including the previously reported <i>SNCA</i> locus (rs983361: β(SE)<sub>COURAGE+IPDGC</sub> = 0.720(0.122), <i>p</i><sub>COURAGE+IPDGC</sub> = 3.13 × 10<sup>−9</sup>) and a novel <i>BST1</i> locus (rs4698412: β(SE)<sub>COURAGE+IPDGC</sub> = −0.526(0.096), <i>p</i><sub>COURAGE+IPDGC</sub> = 4.41 × 10<sup>−8</sup>). <h3>Discussion</h3> Our study further refines the genetic architecture of Chr 4 underlying the AAO of the PD phenotype through the identification of <i>BST1</i> as a novel AAO PD locus. These findings open a new direction for the development of treatments to delay the onset of PD.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".