Comparing adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis infections and co‐infections in pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While maternal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during pregnancy have been extensively studied, fewer studies have directly compared the associations of different infections and co-infections or investigated the association between STIs in pregnancy and maternal outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We examine associations between STIs and co-infections in pregnancy on risks of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes. METHODS: Data from the 2019 US natality files (n = 3,747,882) were used to assess the associations between STIs in pregnancy on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Five mutually exclusive STI groups were examined: a single chlamydia, syphilis, or gonorrhoeal infection, chlamydia and gonorrhoea co-infection, and syphilis co-infection (with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or both). Demographic and obstetric characteristics among each STI group were compared to those of an uninfected comparison group. Prevalence ratios (PR) of adverse neonatal outcomes (preterm birth, small for gestational age [SGA] births, and 5-min APGAR (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration) score < 7) and maternal outcomes (gestational hypertension) by STI status were examined using log-binomial regression. RESULTS: Increased prevalence of preterm birth was apparent, especially among those with a syphilis infection (PR 1.19, 95% confidence intreval [CI] 1.10, 1.30 for single infections and PR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10, 1.57 for co-infections). All STI groups, except gonorrhoea and chlamydia co-infections, were associated with an increased prevalence of gestational hypertension, with the strongest association among those with syphilis co-infections (PR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13, 1.76). CONCLUSIONS: An increased prevalence was of preterm birth and low APGAR scores were associated with syphilis infection. Increased prevalence of GH among those with STIs warrants further investigation into the relationships and corresponding mechanisms of STIs in pregnancy on adverse maternal outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".