Physique of children and adolescents in Northern Iceland then and now
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the first half of the 20th century, Icelandic doctors and teachers began documenting the health of school children, believing that physical measurements were important to monitoring physical development. The measurements could also be used for comparison in other areas and for reasearch. At the Reginonal Archives of Skagafjordur, rare data about the physique of children in Saudarkrokur in 1912-1953, measured by Jon Th. Bjornsson, is preserved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Height, weight, grip strenght, thorax expansion and tidal volume were measured twice in 2018-2019 on 7-15-year-old children in elementary schools in Saudarkrokur and Varmahlid. These measurements were compared with similar measurements from 1912-1953. RESULTS: Children in 2018-2019 at ages 7-15 years were significantly taller, heavier, with greater thorax expansion and tidal volume than their peers in 1912-1953 (p<0,001-0,037). Children in 2018-2019 at ages 7-14 years had significantly higher body mass index than their peers in 1912-1953 (p<0,001-0,027). If adjusted for height and weight in thorax expansion and tidal volume measurements, similar results were found. Children in 2018-2019 had significantly less grip strength than their peers in 1912-1953 at ages 7 and 9-12-years when adjusted for height and weight (p<0,001-0,025). There was significant development in the physique of children over the years 1912-1953 in most measurements and age groups (p<0,001-0,040). CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase in measured factors in 2018-2019 compared to 1912-1953 can possibly be attributed to improved quality of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".