Foaming and defoaming properties of <scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp>‐switchable surfactants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The present study is about the foaming and defoaming properties of the CO 2 ‐switchable surfactant N,N‐dimethyltetradecylamine (C 14 DMA) and its advantages compared with the non‐switchable counterpart tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C 14 TAB). In the absence of CO 2 , C 14 DMA is a water insoluble organic molecule without any surface activity thus being unable to stabilize foams. In the presence of CO 2 , the head group becomes protonated which transforms the water insoluble molecule into a cationic surfactant. Comparing the surface properties and foamability of C 14 DMA and C 14 TAB one finds a very similar behavior. However, the foam stabilities differ depending on the gas. Foaming the two‐surfactant solutions with CO 2 leads to very unstable foams in both cases. However, foaming the two surfactant solutions with N 2 reveals the switchability of C 14 DMA: while the volume of foams stabilized with C 14 TAB hardly changes over 1600 s, the volume of foams stabilized with C 14 DMA decreases significantly in the same period of time. This difference is due to the fact that the surface activity, that is, the amphiphilic nature, of C 14 DMA is continuously switching off since CO 2 is displaced by N 2 thus deprotonating and deactivating the surfactant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".