0190 Association of Sleep Spindle Activity with Cognition in Youth from the General Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Sleep spindle activity has been increasingly studied as an underlying mechanism of cognition. In youth, it appears the relationship between spindle activity and cognition depends upon the spindle metric and cognitive domain examined. Prior research has been conducted primarily in highly selective experimental studies of typically developing youth. We aimed to clarify the relationship between spindle activity and lower and higher order cognitive functions in children and adolescents from the general population. Methods We studied 639 children aged 5-12y (median 9y) and 418 adolescents aged 12-23y (median 16y) from a population-based cohort. All subjects underwent a 9-hour, in-lab polysomnography. We calculated sleep spindle density (SSD), the total number of spindles per minute of stage 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep, and peak spindle frequency (PSF) in the 10-16 Hz range at central, frontal and fronto-occipital derivations. Wechsler intelligence testing assessed verbal and non-verbal intelligence quotients (IQ), processing speed (coding) and working memory (digit span backward [DSB]). Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models with age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, apnea/hypopnea index, and insomnia symptoms as covariates examined the association between SSD and PSF with cognitive outcomes. Results At ages 5-12, central SSD was positively associated with verbal IQ (p=0.04), non-verbal IQ (p=0.03), coding (p=0.01) and DSB (p<0.01); additionally, frontal SSD was positively associated with coding and DSB (both p<0.01) and fronto-occipital SSD with DSB (p<0.01). Also, central (p<0.01) and frontal (p=0.01) PSF was positively associated with DSB. At ages 12-23, fronto-occipital SSD was positively associated with non-verbal IQ (p=0.02), while no other statistically significant associations were observed for SSD or PSF with cognitive outcomes (all p≥0.08). Conclusion Spindle density is a strong correlate of general ability (both verbal and non-verbal IQ) in childhood, and it remains for non-verbal IQ in adolescence. Both increased spindle density and peak frequency are associated with better working memory in childhood, yet not in adolescence. These developmental differences may be due to cortical (e.g., synaptic pruning) and thalamocortical (e.g., increased myelination) maturational changes occurring during adolescence. Support (If Any) National Institutes of Health (R01MH118308, UL1TR000127)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".