Association between Total Dairy and Individual Dairy Foods and Iodine Status in the U.S. Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association between the consumption of dairy foods with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine deficiency risk in a nationally representative sample. 24-hour dietary recall data and laboratory data for UIC (μg/L) from subjects 2 + years old participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2001–2018 were used (N = 26,838). Data were adjusted for demographic factors for analyses stratified by age/race-ethnicity. Significant associations between iodine status and dairy intake quintile (with non-consumers as the first group) were assessed at P < 0.05. Logistic regression was used to assess the odds ratio (95th percentile confidence intervals) of being below the iodine insufficient level (UIC < 100 μg/L) and the severely iodine deficient level (UIC < 20 μg/L) for dairy consumption groups with non-consumers as the reference group by age groups. Mean intakes of total dairy, milk, cheese and yogurt were 2.21, 1.58, 0.78 and 0.46 cup eq respectively for those 2–8 y; 2.17, 1.38, 1.11 and 0.48 cup eq respectively for those 9–18 y; and 1.70, 0.95, 1.09 and 0.57 cup eq respectively for those 19 + y. Intake of total dairy and milk were positively associated with UIC among those 2- 8 y (β = 27.8 ± 8.8 and 42.4 ± 8.4 μg/L/cup eq, respectively) and 9–18 y (β = 15.9 ± 2.7 and 30.4 ± 5.0 μg/L/cup eq, respectively) but not associated among those 19 + y. Intakes of cheese and yogurt were not associated with UIC among any age group. Total dairy intake was inversely associated with odds ratio [OR (95th confidence intervals)] of being iodine deficient or severely deficient among those 2–8 y [0.70 (0.61, 0.82) and 0.53 (0.28, 0.99), respectively], 9–18 y [0.79 (0.73, 0.85) and 0.70 (0.50, 0.98)], respectively], and 19 + y [0.80 (0.77, 0.83) and 0.74 (0.65, 0.84), respectively]. Milk intake was inversely associated with odds ratio of being iodine deficient or severely deficient among those 2–8 y [0.67 (0.59, 0.77) and 0.49 (0.31, 0.79), respectively], 9–18 y [0.76 (0.71, 0.82) and 0.68 (0.50, 0.91)], respectively], and 19 + y [0.84 (0.80, 0.87) and 0.77 (0.66, 0.89), respectively]. The results indicate that dairy foods are beneficially associated with UIC population iodine sufficiency. National Dairy Council.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".