The Pleistocene Glacial Cycles and Millennial-Scale Climate Variability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Pleistocene glacial cycles are the most prominent climate variations over the past three million years. They are the climatic response to variations in the incoming solar radiation, insolation, due to the deviations of the Earth's orbital configuration from the perfect Keplerian orbit is caused by the influence of the other planets in the solar system. This climatic response to astronomical forcing is highly non-linear, which is most pronounced expressed in the changing duration of the glacial cycles through the Middle Pleistocene Transition around a million years ago, where the duration of glacial cycles changed from 40 kyr to approximately 100 kyr without any corresponding changes in the astronomical forcing. In the late Pleistocene glaciations, the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets have grown larger than before, causing an increased cooling through the ice-albedo feedback, which makes it harder with increased insolation to cause deglaciation. The cold climate with extended glaciations has also made the climate more unstable, where strong millennial-scale oscillations related to changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are observed in the paleoclimatic records.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".