One Health Genomic Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase‒Producing <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, Canada, 2012‒2016
Bibliographic record
Abstract
N ontyphoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne diarrheal illness.There were an estimated 535,000 human cases of invasive infection with nontyphoidal Salmonella and 59,100 deaths in 2017 globally (1,2).Gastroenteritis is usually self-limiting, but antimicrobial treatment, including ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, or amoxicillin, might be recommended for severe disease and invasive infections (3).Extended-spectrum cephalosporins are a major class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs and can be hydrolyzed by β-lactamases belonging to molecular class C (AmpC type, such as bla CMY-2 ) and molecular class A (ESBLs, such as bla CTX-M , bla SHV , and some alleles of bla TEM ) (4).ESBLs are a special concern because they sometimes cause reduced susceptibility to fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime, and they tend to be carried on mobile genetic elements (5).ESBLs are susceptible to β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., clavulanic acid) and cephamycin-type cephalosporins (e.g., cefoxitin).Potential reservoirs of antimicrobial drug resistance are the food chain, the community, hospitals, and the environment (6).Ceftiofur was used systematically in the poultry industry in Canada.However, as of 2014, the industry voluntarily eliminated One Health Genomic Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica, Canada,
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".