Understanding the Mechanism Underlie the Antidiabetic Activity of Oleuropein Using Ex-Vivo Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Oleuropein, the main constituent of olive fruit and leaves, has been reported to protect against insulin resistance and diabetes.While many experimental investigations have examined the mechanisms by which oleuropein improves insulin resistance and diabetes, much of these investigations have been carried out in either muscle cell lines or in vivo models two scenarios with many drawbacks.Accordingly, to simplify identification of mechanisms by which oleuropein regulates specific cellular processes, we resort, in the present study, to isolated muscle preparation which enables better metabolic milieu control and permit more detailed analyses.Methods: For this purpose, soleus muscles were incubated for 12 h without or with palmitate (1.5 mM) in the presence or absence of oleuropein (1.5 mM), and compound C. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation were examined.Results: Palmitate treatment reduced insulin-stimulated glucose transport, GLUT4 translocation and AS160 phosphorylation, but AMPK phosphorylation was not changed.Oleuropein administration (12 h) fully rescued insulin-stimulated glucose transport, but partially restored GLUT4 translocation.However, it fully restored AS160 phosphorylation, raising the possibility that oleuropein may also have contributed to the restoration of glucose transport by increased GLUT4 intrinsic activity.Inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation with compound C (50 µM) prevented oleuropein -induced improvements in insulin-stimulated glucose transport, GLUT4 translocation, and AS160 phosphorylation.Conclusions: Our results clearly indicate that oleuropein alleviates palmitate-induced insulin resistance appears to occur via an AMPK-dependent mechanism involving improvements in the functionality of the AS160-GLUT4 signaling system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".