Desalination Process Design Assisted by Osmotic Power for High Water Recovery and Low Energy Consumption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Membrane-based processes have been contributing greatly in tackling water scarcity issues. Besides, these processes are also being used in clean energy production, which makes membrane technology an important aspect in the water–energy nexus. The membrane-based reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most energy-efficient technology for seawater desalination. However, the energy consumption of RO desalination plants is still relatively high, and improvement in energy efficiency is needed. Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) has been investigated to reduce the energy consumption of seawater RO (SWRO) desalination. However, a simple integration of SWRO and PRO has not resulted in encouraging results. Hence, introducing a desalination process with high water recovery and low energy consumption seems to be a universal target. In this present work, we introduced a promising combined membrane-based process for producing both potable water and irrigation water, and energy utilizing seawater and treated wastewater effluents. Our integrated system provided high water productivity with low energy consumption. The energetic analysis of our combined process revealed that the specific energy consumption was around 1.4 kW h/m3 with a total water recovery ratio of 88%. The results obtained using actual membrane performance, where the real dilution does not exceed 60% of the maximum theoretical dilution, showed promising economics. Finally, an economic analysis was carried out to evaluate the economic viability of the system. It was found that, with a water price of $0.6/m3, the payback period is one year and the process shows a strong economic competitiveness in comparison with the conventional processes with a very short payback period and a strong competitiveness compared to other processes with equal production capacity. This result was confirmed with a high internal rate of return.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".