Solidification Process inside a Novel Toroidal Tube Heat Exchanger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concentric tube and shell and tube latent heat exchangers filled with phase change material (PCM) in the tube part are interesting latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems that have attracted researchers' attention due to high energy storage density during the charging (melting) and discharging (solidification) processes. Inadequate phase change process reduces the thermal performance of LHTES systems. An effective design can facilitate and accelerate the phase change process. In this study, a novel toroidal shape is proposed for the inner part of the heat exchanger (tube) and the solidification process inside this tube is investigated. A mathematical model based on the enthalpy-porosity approach is developed and numerically solved by finite volume method to simulate the energy transport processes inside the system. The progression of the discharging process is also numerically visualized. Several transient heat transfer characteristics, e.g., thermal filed, solid fraction, average temperature, and energy released during solidification, are determined and depicted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".